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Iraq
Policy Interactive Component ©
2003
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U.S. Resolution HJ
114/SJ 45 AND U.N. Security Council Resolution 1441 "Analysis of the U.S. Resolution Authorizing the
Use of Force against Iraq," Institute for Policy Studies "Behind the Iraq Vote, Many Voices, Many Reasons: Lawmakers back Bush, differ on terms of engagement," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, October 13, 2002. "Opposing Force in Iraq," Op-ed by Jesse Jackson, Chicago Sun-Times, October 15, 2002. "Congress Repeating Tonkin Gulf Gamble," Op-ed by George C. Wilson, The National Journal, October 26, 2002. "Questions Remain on Iraq," Congressional Quarterly Weekly, November 8, 2002. U.N. Resolution 1441 "An Analysis of the United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1441," Institute for Public Accuracy, November 13, 2002. "Decoding New U.S. Draft of UN Resolution on Iraq,"
Lawyers Against the War, September 30, 2002. "Security Council Resolution 1441 and the Potential
Use of Force Against Iraq," Nathaniel Hurd, December 6, 2002. "U.N.'s Iraq Vote Sets Stage for More Friction,"
Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, San Jose Mercury News, November
10, 2002. "U.N. Resolution does not Authorize U.S. to Use Force
Against Iraq," Stephen Zunes, The Progressive Media Report, November
12, 2002. U.S. Resolution HJ 114/SJ 45. On October 10, 2002, the House and Senate passed identical resolutions authorizing the use of force against Iraq, H.J. Res.114/S.J. Res. 45. The final vote in favor of the resolution was 296-133 in the House and 77-23 in the Senate. The joint resolution provides broad authorization for the President to wage unilateral, preemptive war against Iraq at his discretion. It passed both houses by significant margins, although the opposition vote was larger than expected. Many members who voted for the resolution expressed strong support for resuming U.N. weapons inspections and said that they had deep concerns about the costs and consequences of a possible unilateral, preemptive war with Iraq. U.N. Security Council Resolution 1441. Adopted unanimously on November 8, 2002, U.N. Resolution 1441 calls for the disarmament of Iraq and its compliance with a range of Security Council resolutions, which, if successful, would lead to the lifting of economic sanctions and the end of the ongoing crisis of Iraq. It is not a resolution for war or for regime change. Its passage was a significant victory for the United States because it rebuilt consensus around the goal of effectively disarming Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. While members were united behind this goal, there is much deliberate ambiguity in the text leading to a wide range of interpretations. The key ambiguity surrounds what would qualify as an Iraqi obstruction of the inspections process and whose responsibility it would be to make the judgment. " U.S. resolution HJ 114/SJ 45 states: "The President is authorized to use the Armed Forces of the United States as he determines to be necessary and appropriate in order to 1.) defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and 2.) enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq." " U.N. Resolution 1441 requires the Security Council to meet immediately and decide what to do about an Iraqi violation. " Every U.N. ambassador speaking after the Security Council's unanimous vote, including the British ambassador, made clear that the resolution provides no authorization for war.
Phyllis Bennis |